Review Article

Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT

Tufan Adiguzel 1 * , Mehmet Haldun Kaya 2 , Fatih Kürşat Cansu 3
More Detail
1 Sectoral Education Program, Ozyegin University, Istanbul, TURKIYE2 School of Foreign Languages, Izmir University of Economics, Izmir, TURKIYE3 Bahcesehir University, Istanbul, TURKIYE* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), July 2023, ep429, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13152
Published Online: 03 April 2023, Published: 01 July 2023
OPEN ACCESS   34412 Views   24638 Downloads
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

Artificial intelligence (AI) introduces new tools to the educational environment with the potential to transform conventional teaching and learning processes. This study offers a comprehensive overview of AI technologies, their potential applications in education, and the difficulties involved. Chatbots and related algorithms that can simulate human interactions and generate human-like text based on input from natural language are discussed. In addition to the advantages of cutting-edge chatbots like ChatGPT, their use in education raises important ethical and practical challenges. The authors aim to provide insightful information on how AI may be successfully incorporated into the educational setting to benefit teachers and students, while promoting responsible and ethical use.
Keywords: artificial intelligence, education, chatbots, ChatGPT, personalized learning

CITATION (APA)

Adiguzel, T., Kaya, M. H., & Cansu, F. K. (2023). Revolutionizing education with AI: Exploring the transformative potential of ChatGPT. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(3), ep429. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13152

REFERENCES

  1. Adamopoulou, E., & Moussiades, L. (2020). Chatbots: History, technology, and applications. Machine Learning with Applications, 2, 100006. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mlwa.2020.100006
  2. Akmese, O. F., Kor, H., & Erbay, H. (2021). Use of machine learning techniques for the forecast of student achievement in higher education. Information Technologies and Learning Tools, 82(2), 297-311. https://doi.org/10.33407/itlt.v82i2.4178
  3. Alawi F. (2023). Artificial intelligence: The future might already be here. Oral Surgery Oral Medicine Oral Pathology Oral Radiology, 12, S2212-4403(23)00003-2. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.oooo.2023.01.002
  4. Aldeman, N. L. S., Aita, K., Machado, V. P., da Mata Sousa, L. C. D., Coelho, A. G. B., da Silva, A. S., Mendes, A. P. D., Neres, F. J. D., & do Monte, S. J. H. (2021). Smartpath (k): A platform for teaching glomerulopathies using machine learning. BMC Medical Education, 21(1), 248. https://doi.org/10.1186/s12909-021-02680-1
  5. Aldosari, S. A. M. (2020). The future of higher education in the light of artificial intelligence transformations. International Journal of Higher Education, 9(3), 145-151. https://doi.org/10.5430/ijhe.v9n3p145
  6. Aleedy, M., Atwell, E., & Meshoul, S. (2022). Using AI Chatbots in Education: Recent Advances Challenges and Use Case. In Artificial Intelligence and Sustainable Computing: Proceedings of ICSISCET 2021 (pp. 661-675). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-19-1653-3_50
  7. Anweiler, O., & Ramet, P. (2019). The reform of the Soviet educational system: Between modernization and ideological control. In Gorbachev and the Soviet Future (pp. 142-163). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9780429043505-7
  8. Bower, M. (2019). Technology-mediated learning theory. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(3), 1035-1048. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12771
  9. Brown, M., McCormack, M., Reeves, J., Brook, D. C., Grajek, S., Alexander, B., & Weber, N. (2020). 2020 Educause Horizon Report Teaching and Learning Edition (pp. 2-58). EDUCAUSE.
  10. Castaneda, L., & Selwyn, N. (2018). More than tools? Making sense of the ongoing digitizations of higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15(22), 2-10. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0109-y
  11. Chan, K. S., & Zary, N. (2019). Applications and challenges of implementing artificial intelligence in medical education: Integrative review. JMIR Medical Education, 5(1), e13930. https://doi.org/10.2196/13930
  12. Chassignol, M., Khoroshavin, A., Klimova, A., & Bilyatdinova, A. (2018). Artificial intelligence trends in education: A narrative overview. Procedia Computer Science, 136, 16-24. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2018.08.233
  13. Chen, X., Xie, H., Zou, D., & Hwang, G. J. (2020). Application and theory gaps during therise of artificial intelligence in education. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100002. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100002
  14. Chen, Y., Jensen, S., Albert, L. J., Gupta, S., & Lee, T. (2023). Artificial intelligence (AI) student assistants in the classroom: Designing chatbots to support student success. Information Systems Frontiers, 25(1), 161-182. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10796-022-10291-4
  15. Chiu, T. K. F., Meng, H., Chai, C. S., King, I., Wong, S., & Yeung, Y. (2022). Creation and evaluation of a pre-tertiary Artificial Intelligence (AI) curriculum. IEEE Transactions on Education, 65(1), 30-39. https://doi.org/10.1109/TE.2021.3085878
  16. Chiu, T. K. F., Moorhouse, B. L., Chai, C. S. &, Ismailov, M. (2023a). Teacher support and student motivation to learn with Artificial Intelligence (AI) based chatbot. Interactive Learning Environments. Published online: 06 Feb 2023. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2172044
  17. Chiu, T. K. F., Xia, Q., Zhou, X., Chai, C. S., & Cheng, M. (2023b). Systematic literature review on opportunities, challenges, and future research recommendations of artificial intelligence in education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 4, 100118. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100118
  18. Choi, J. H., Hickman, K. E., Monahan, A., & Schwarcz, D. B. (2023). ChatGPT goes to law school. Minnesota Legal Studies Research Paper, 23(03). https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.4335905
  19. Ciechanowski, L., Przegalinska, A., Magnuski, M., & Gloor, P. (2019). In the shades of the uncanny valley: An experimental study of human–chatbot interaction. Future Generation Computer Systems, 92, 539-548. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.future.2018.01.055
  20. Clarizia, F., Colace, F., Lombardi, M., Pascale, F., & Santaniello, D. (2018). Chatbot: An education support system for student. International symposium on cyberspace safety and security. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-01689-0_23
  21. Crompton, H., Burke, M., Gregory, K. H., & Johnson, L. (2019). An investigation of the effects of an AI math tutor on student anxiety. Educational Technology Research and Development, 67(2), 453-472.
  22. Cunningham-Nelson, S., Boles, W., Trouton, L., & Margerison, E. (2019). A review of chatbots in education: Practical steps forward. 30th annual conference for the Australasian association for engineering education (AAEE 2019): Educators becoming agents of change: Innovate, integrate. Motivate: Engineers Australia.
  23. Durall, E., & Kapros, E. (2020). Co-design for a competency self-assessment chatbot and survey in science education. International conference on human-computer interaction. Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-50506-6_2
  24. Dwivedi, Y. K., Hughes, L., Ismagilova, E., Aarts, G., Coombs, C., Crick, T., Duan, Y., Dwivedi, R., Edwards, J., Eirug, A., Galanos, V., Ilavarasan, P. V., Janssen, M., Jones, P., Kar, A.K., Kizgin, H., Kronemann, B., Lal, B., Lucini, B., ... Williams, M. D. (2021). Artificial intelligence (AI): Multidisciplinary perspectives on emerging challenges, opportunities, and agenda for research, practice and policy. International Journal of Information Management, 57, 101994. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.08.002
  25. Eke, O. D. (2023). ChatGPT and the rise of generative AI: Threat to academic integrity? Journal of Responsible Technology, 13, 100060. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jrt.2023.100060
  26. Fryer, L. K., Nakao, K., & Thompson, A. (2019). Chatbot learning partners: Connecting learning experiences, interest and competence. Computers in Human Behavior, 93, 279-289. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2018.12.023
  27. Giannakos, M. N., Sharma, K., Pappas, I. O., Kostakos, V., & Velloso, E. (2019). Multimodal data as a means to understand the learning experience. International Journal of Information Management, 48, 108-119. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijinfomgt.2019.02.003
  28. Goel, A. K., & Polepeddi, L. (2018). Jill Watson: A virtual teaching assistant for online education. In C. Dede, J. Richards, & B. Saxberg (Eds.), Learning engineering for online education: Theoretical contexts and design-based examples (pp. 120-143). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781351186193-7
  29. Graesser, A. C. (2016). Conversations with auto tutor help students learn. International Journal of Artificial Intelligence in Education, 26(1), 124-132. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40593-015-0086-4
  30. Grosz, B. J. (2018). Smart enough to talk with us? Foundations and challenges for dialogue capable AI systems. Computational Linguistics, 44(1), 1-15. https://doi.org/10.1162/COLI_a_00313
  31. Guilherme, A. (2019). AI and education: The importance of teacher and student relations. AI & Society, 34(1), 47-54. https://doi.org/10.1007/s00146-017-0693-8
  32. Gunawan, K. D. H., Liliasari, L., Kaniawati, I., & Setiawan, W. (2021). Implementation of competency enhancement program for science teachers assisted by artificial intelligence in designing HOTS-based integrated science learning. Jurnal Penelitian dan Pembelajaran IPA, 7(1), 55-65. https://doi.org/10.30870/jppi.v7i1.8655
  33. Guttormsen, M., Bürger, A., Hansen, T. E., & Lietaer, N. (2011). The SiRi particle-telescope system. Nuclear Instruments & Methods in Physics Research Section A, 648(1), 168-173. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.nima.2011.05.055
  34. Halaweh, M. (2023). ChatGPT in education: Strategies for responsible implementation. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(2), ep421. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13036
  35. Health, T. L. D. (2023). ChatGPT: Friend or foe? The Lancet: Digital health, 5(3), e102. https://doi.org/10.1016/S2589-7500(23)00023-7
  36. Hill, J., Ford, W. R., & Farreras, I. G. (2015). Real conversations with artificial intelligence: A comparison between human– human online conversations and human–chatbot conversations. Computers in Human Behavior, 49, 245-250. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2015.02.026
  37. Hirankerd, K., & Kittisunthonphisarn, N. (2020). E-learning management system based on reality technology with AI. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(4), 259-264. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.4.1373
  38. Holmes, W., Bialik, M., & Fadel, C. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: Promises and implications for teaching and learning. Boston: Centre for Curriculum Redesign. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-23207-8_20
  39. Holmes, W., Hui, Z., Miao, F., & Ronghuai, H. (2021). AI and education: A guidance for policymakers. UNESCO Publishing.
  40. Hopcan, S., Polat, E., Ozturk, M. E., & Ozturk, L. (2022). Artificial intelligence in special education: A systematic review. Interactive Learning Environments. Published online: 06 May 2022. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2022.2067186
  41. Hsieh, Y. Z., Lin, S. S., Luo, Y. C., Jeng, Y. L., Tan, S. W., Chen, C. R., & Chiang, P. Y. (2020). ARCS-assisted teaching robots based on anticipatory computing and emotional big data for improving sustainable learning efficiency and motivation. Sustainability, 12(14), 5605. https://doi.org/10.3390/su12145605
  42. Hu, J. J. (2021). Teaching evaluation system by use of machine learning and artificial intelligence Methods. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 16(5), 87-101. https://doi.org/10.3991/ijet.v16i05.20299
  43. Hussin, A. A. (2018). Education 4.0 made simple: Ideas for teaching. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(3), 92-98. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.3p.92
  44. Hwang, G. J., & Chang, C. Y. (2021). A review of opportunities and challenges of chatbots in education. Interactive Learning Environments. Published online: 18 Jul 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.1952615
  45. Hwang, G. J., Xie, H., Wah, B. W., & Gasevic, D. (2020). Vision, challenges, roles and research issues of artificial intelligence in education. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 1, 100001. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2020.100001
  46. Ismail, M., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2019). Lecturer’s apprentice: A chatbot for assisting novice programmers. In 2019 international multidisciplinary information technology and engineering conference (IMITEC) (pp. 1-8). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/IMITEC45504.2019.9015857
  47. Jain, M., Kumar, P., Bhansali, I., Liao, Q., Truong, K., & Patel, S. (2018). FarmChat: A conversational agent to answer farmer queries. Proceedings of ACM on Interactive, Mobile, Wearable and Ubiquitous Technologies, 2(4), 1-22. https://doi.org/10.1145/3287048
  48. Jaiswal, A., & Arun, C. J. (2021). Potential of artificial intelligence for transformation of the education system in India. International Journal of Education and Development Using Information and Communication Technology, 17(1), 142-158.
  49. Jia, J., Zhang, D., & Gao, F. (2021). Learning analytics and artificial intelligence in mathematics education: A systematic review. International Journal of Educational Research, 107, 101831.
  50. Jobin, A., Ienca, M., & Vayena, E. (2019). The global landscape of AI ethics guidelines. Nature Machine Intelligence, 1(9), 389-399. https://doi.org/10.1038/s42256-019-0088-2
  51. Karsenti, T. (2019). Artificial intelligence in education: The urgent need to prepare teachers for tomorrow’s schools. Formation et Profession, 27(1), 112-116. https://doi.org/10.18162/fp.2019.a166
  52. Khan, I., Ahmad, A. R., Jabeur, N., & Mahdi, M. N. (2021). An artificial intelligence approach to monitor student performance and devise preventive measures. Smart Learning Environments, 8(1), 1-18. https://doi.org/10.1186/s40561-021-00161-y
  53. Kim, H. S., Kim, N. Y., & Cha, Y. (2021). Is it beneficial to use AI chatbots to improve learners’ speaking performance? Journal of ASIA TEFL, 18(1), 161-178. https://doi.org/10.18823/asiatefl.2021.18.1.10.161
  54. Koedinger, K. R., Corbett, A. T., & Perfetti, C. (2012). The Knowledge-Learning-Instruction (KLI) framework: Bridging the science-practice chasm to enhance robust student learning. Cognitive Science, 36(5), 757-798. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1551-6709.2012.01245.x
  55. Kurzweil, R. (1990). The age of intelligent machines. MIT Press.
  56. Lin, M. P.-C., & Chang, D. (2020). Enhancing post-secondary writers’ writing skills with a chatbot. Journal of Educational Technology & Society, 23(1), 78-92.
  57. Llorente, A. M., Ladera, V., Contreras, P., & Conde, L. (2021). Efficacy of a computerized intervention based on artificial intelligence for improving reading comprehension in students with dyslexia. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 641005.
  58. Lu, Y. (2019) Artificial intelligence: a survey on evolution, models, applications and future trends. Journal of Management Analytics, 6(1), 1-29. https://doi.org/10.1080/23270012.2019.1570365
  59. Luckin, R., Holmes, W., Griffiths, M., & Forcier, L. B. (2016). Intelligence unleashed: An argument for AI in education. http://discovery.ucl.ac.uk/1475756/
  60. Mata, J., de Miguel, I., Duran, R. J., Merayo, N., Singh, S. K., Jukan, A., & Chamania, M. (2018). Artificial intelligence (AI) methods in optical networks: A comprehensive survey. Optical Switching and Networking, 28, 43-57. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.osn.2017.12.006
  61. McCallum, S. (2023, April 1). ChatGPT Banned in Italy over Privacy Concerns. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65139406
  62. McCarthy, J., Minsky, M. L., Rochester, N., & Shannon, C. E. (1955). A proposal for the Dartmouth summer research project on artificial intelligence. AI Magazine, 27(4), 12-14.
  63. Melián-González, S., Gutiérrez-Taño, D., & Bulchand-Gidumal, J. (2021). Predicting the intentions to use chatbots for travel and tourism. Current Issues in Tourism, 24(2), 192-210. https://doi.org/10.1080/13683500.2019.1706457
  64. Mertala, P., Fagerlund, J., & Calderon, O. (2022). Finnish 5th and 6th grade students’ pre-instructional conceptions of artificial intelligence (AI) and their implications for AI literacy education. Computers and Education: Artificial Intelligence, 3, 100095. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2022.100095
  65. Mondal, B. (2020). Artificial intelligence: State of the art. Recent Trends and Advances in Artificial Intelligence and Internet of Things, 389-425. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-32644-9_32
  66. Nirala, K. K., Singh, N. K., & Purani, V. S. (2022). A survey on providing customer and public administration-based services using AI: Chatbot. Multimedia Tools and Applications, 1-32. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-021-11458-y
  67. Okonkwo, C. W., & Ade-Ibijola, A. (2020). Python-bot: A chatbot for teaching python programming. Engineering Letters, 29(1), 25-35.
  68. OpenAI. (2023, March). GPT-4 Developer Livestream [Video]. YouTube. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=outcGtbnMuQ
  69. Ouyang, F., & Jiao, P. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: The three paradigms. Computers & Education: Artificial Intelligence, 2, 100020. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeai.2021.100020
  70. Porter, B., & Grippa, F. (2020). A platform for AI-enabled real-time feedback to promote digital collaboration. Sustainability, 12(24), 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3390/su122410243
  71. Rahman, A., Al Mamun, A., & Islam, A. (2017). Programming challenges of chatbot: Current and future prospective. In 2017 IEEE region 10 humanitarian technology conference (R10-HTC) (pp. 75-78). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/R10-HTC.2017.8288910
  72. Ramesh, V., & Lakshmi, R. (2018). Use of artificial intelligence in learning management system for adaptive assessment. International Journal of Innovative Technology and Exploring Engineering, 7(7S), 240-243. https://doi.org/10.35940/ijitee.K7373.0787S18
  73. Rapp, A., Curti, L., & Boldi, A. (2021). The human side of human-chatbot interaction: A systematic literature review of ten years of research on text-based chatbots. International Journal of Human-Computer Studies, 151, 102630. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijhcs.2021.102630
  74. Reis, A., Paulino, D., Paredes, H., Barroso, I., Monteiro, M. J., Rodrigues, V., & Barroso, J. (2018). Using intelligent personal assistants to assist the elderlies an evaluation of amazon Alexa, Google Assistant, Microsoft Cortana, and Apple Siri. In 2018 2nd international conference on technology and innovation in sports, health and wellbeing (TISHW) (pp. 1-5). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/TISHW.2018.8559503
  75. Rooein, D. (2019). Data-driven edu chatbots. In companion proceedings of the 2019 world wide web conference (pp. 46-49). https://doi.org/10.1145/3308560.3314191
  76. Rospigliosi, P. A. (2023). Artificial intelligence in teaching and learning: what questions should we ask of ChatGPT? Interactive Learning Environments, 31(1), 1-3. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2023.2180191
  77. Ruan, S., Willis, A., Xu, Q., Davis, G. M., Jiang, L., Brunskill, E., & Landay, J. A. (2019). Bookbuddy: Turning digital materials into interactive foreign language lessons through a voice chatbot. In Proceedings of the sixth (2019) ACM conference on learning@ scale (pp. 1-4). https://doi.org/10.1145/3330430.3333643
  78. Saha, S., & Al Amri, S. (2019). A review of artificial intelligence applications in learning management systems. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(1), 162-176.
  79. Selwyn, N. (2016). Is technology good for education? Malden, Polity Press.
  80. Stallbaumer, C. (2023, March 16). Introducing Microsoft 365 Copilot – A Whole New Way to Work. Microsoft 365. https://www.microsoft.com/en-us/microsoft-365/blog/2023/03/16/introducing-microsoft-365-copilot-a-whole-new-way-to-work/
  81. Terwiesch, C. (2023). Would chat GPT3 get a Wharton MBA? A prediction based on its performance in the operations management course. Mack Institute for Innovation Management at the Wharton School, University of Pennsylvania. https://mackinstitute.wharton.upenn.edu/wp-content/uploads/2023/01/Christian-Terwiesch-Chat-GTP-1.24.pdf
  82. UNESCO. (2021). Artificial intelligence in education: Opportunities, challenges and risks. UNESCO.
  83. Vallance, C. (2023, March 31). Ellon Musk among experts urging a halt to AI training. BBC. https://www.bbc.com/news/technology-65110030
  84. Vazquez-Cano, E., Mengual-Andres, S., & Lopez-Meneses, E. (2021). Chatbot to improve learning punctuation in Spanish and to enhance open and flexible learning environments. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 18(1), 33. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-021-00269-8
  85. Villegas-Ch, W., Sánchez-Viteri, S., & Roman-Cañizares, M. (2021). Academic activities recommendation system for sustainable education in the age of COVID-19. Informatics, 8(2), 29. http://dx.doi.org/10.3390/informatics8020029
  86. Vincent-Lancrin, S., & Van Der Vlies, R. (2020). Trustworthy artificial intelligence (AI) in education: Promises and challenges. OECD Education Working Papers, 218. OECD Publishing, Paris, https://doi.org/10.1787/a6c90fa9-en
  87. Weizenbaum, J. (1966). ELIZA—a computer program for the study of natural language communication between man and machine. Communications of the ACM, 9(1), 36-45. https://doi.org/10.1145/365153.365168
  88. Westera, W., Prada, R., Mascarenhas, S., Santos, P. A., Dias, J., Guimaraes, M., Georgiadis, K., Nyamsuren, E., Bahreini, K., Yumak, Z., Christyowidiasmoro, C., Dascalu, M., Gutu-Robu, G., & Ruseti, S. (2020). Artificial intelligence moving serious gaming: Presenting reusable game AI components. Education and Information Technologies, 25(1), 351-380. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-019-09968-2
  89. Williamson, B., & Eynon, R. (2020). Historical threads, missing links, and future directions in AI in education. Learning, Media and Technology, 45(3), 223-235. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2020.1798995
  90. Winkler, R., & Söllner, M. (2018). Unleashing the potential of chatbots in education: A state-of-the-art analysis. In Academy of management annual meeting (AOM). https://doi.org/10.5465/AMBPP.2018.15903abstract
  91. Wodecki, B. (2023, February 24). China cracks down on ChatGPT access. AI Business. https://aibusiness.com/nlp/china-cracks-down-on-chatgpt-access
  92. Xia, Q., Chiu, T. K. F, Lee, M., Temitayo I., Dai, Y., & Chai, C. S. (2022). A self-determination theory design approach for inclusive and diverse artificial intelligence (AI) K-12 education. Computers & Education, 189, 104582. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2022.104582
  93. Ye, H. (2021, June). A review on the application of virtual reality technology in ideological and political teaching. In 2021 2nd International Conference on Artificial Intelligence and Education (ICAIE) (pp. 712-715). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICAIE53562.2021.00156
  94. Yin, J., Goh, T. T., Yang, B., & Xiaobin, Y. (2021). Conversation technology with micro-learning: The impact of chatbot-based learning on students’ learning motivation and performance. Journal of Educational Computing Research, 59(1), 154-177. https://doi.org/10.1177/0735633120952067
  95. Zhang, T. (2023). The contributions of AI in the development of ideological and political perspectives in education, HELIYON, 9(3), E13403. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e13403
  96. Zhang, Y., Wei, J., Chen, J., Wang, Y., & Zhang, Y. (2020). The application of artificial intelligence in the education of children with autism spectrum disorder: A review. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1338.
  97. Zheng, L., Niu, J., Zhong, L., & Gyasi, J. F. (2021). The effectiveness of artificial intelligence on learning achievement and learning perception: A meta-analysis. Interactive Learning Environments. Published online: 19 Dec 2021. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2021.2015693