Research Article
The problem of the web: Can we prioritize both participatory practices and privacy?
More Detail
1 University of Windsor, Windsor, ON, CANADA* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(1), January 2023, ep402, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/12668
Published Online: 24 November 2022, Published: 01 January 2023
OPEN ACCESS 1358 Views 1073 Downloads
This article belongs to the special issue: “No way back: from naive social media practices to committed approaches”
ABSTRACT
This paper is a critical case study tracing the professional history of a self-professed open educator over more than two decades. It frames the narrative of an individual as a window on the broader arc of the field, from early open learning as a means of widening participation, through the rise of the participatory web at scale, to the current datafied and extractive infrastructure of higher education. It outlines how the field of online education has changed, as the web and the social and societal forces shaping use of the web have shifted. Through these lenses of change, the case study explores the dilemma facing open and participatory education at this juncture: that the current structure of the web threatens privacy, higher education governance structures, and the spirit of open, participatory sharing. The paper explores the problem of the web as one without direct solutions but does consider ways that educators might mitigate their open practice in more critical directions.
CITATION (APA)
Stewart, B. E. (2023). The problem of the web: Can we prioritize both participatory practices and privacy?. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(1), ep402. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/12668
REFERENCES
- Anderson, T. (2009). Open scholarship [Paper presentation]. Open Access Week 2009, Athabasca University.
- Bali, M. (2016). Knowing the difference between digital skills and digital literacies, and teaching both. Literacy Now. https://www.literacyworldwide.org/blog/literacy-now/2016/02/03/knowing-the-difference-between-digital-skills-and-digital-literacies-and-teaching-both
- Bali, M. (2017). Curation of posts on open pedagogy. https://blog.mahabali.me/whyopen/curation-of-posts-on-open-pedagogy-yearofopen
- Bates, T. (2022). The perversion of the Internet: Scraping and selling children’s data from ed tech tools. https://www.tonybates.ca/2022/05/29/the-perversion-of-the-internet-scraping-and-selling-childrens-data-from-ed-tech-tools/
- Benjamin, R. (2019). Race after technology: Abolitionist tools for the new Jim Code. Polity. https://doi.org/10.1093/sf/soz162
- Bozkurt, A., Jung, I., Xiao, J., Vladimirschi, V., Schuwer, R., Egorov, G., Lambert, S. R., Al-Freih, M., Pete, J., Olcott Jr., D., Rodes, V., Aranciaga, I., Bali, M., Alvarez Jr., A. V., Roberts, J., Pazurek, A., Raffaghelli, J. E., Panagiotou, N., de Coëtlogon, P., ..., & Paskevicius, M. (2020). A global outlook to the interruption of education due to COVID-19 pandemic: Navigating in a time of uncertainty and crisis. Asian Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 1-126.
- Bruns, A. (2007). Produsage: Towards a broader framework for user-led content creation. In Proceedings of the 6th ACM SIGCHI Conference on Creativity & Cognition (pp. 99-106). https://doi.org/10.1145/1254960.1254975
- Business Wire. (2022). The worldwide online proctoring industry is projected to reach 1.5 billion by 2028. https://www.businesswire.com/news/home/20220623005577/en/The-Worldwide-Online-Exam-Proctoring-Industry-is-Projected-to-Reach-1.5-Billion-by-2028---ResearchAndMarkets.com
- Castañeda, L., & Selwyn, N. (2018). More than tools? Making sense of the ongoing digitizations of higher education. International Journal of Educational Technology in Higher Education, 15, 22. https://doi.org/10.1186/s41239-018-0109-y
- Castañeda, L., & Williamson, B. (2021). Assembling new toolboxes of methods and theories for innovative critical research on educational technology. Journal of New Approaches in Educational Research, 10(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.7821/naer.2021.1.703
- Cormier, D. (2010). Community as curriculum. In D. Araya, & M. A. Peters (Eds.), Education in the creative economy: Knowledge and learning in the age of innovation (pp. 511-524). Peter Lang.
- Couros, A., & Hildebrandt, K. (2016). Designing for open and social learning. In G. Veletsianos (Ed.), Emergence and innovation in digital learning: Foundations and applications (pp. 143-162). Athabasca University Press.
- Cronin, C., & MacLaren, I. (2018). Conceptualizing OEP: A review of theoretical and empirical literature in open educational practices. Open Praxis, 10(2), 127-143. https://doi.org/10.5944/openpraxis.10.2.825
- DeRosa, R., & Robison, S. (2015). Pedagogy, technology, and the example of open educational resources. EDUCAUSE Review. http://er.educause.edu/articles/2015/11/pedagogytechnology-and-the-example-of-open-educational-resources
- Downes, S. (2012). cMOOCs. https://www.downes.ca/post/58676
- Erickson, K. (2018). The future of network effects: Tokenization and the end of extraction. Medium. https://medium.com/public-market/the-future-of-network-effects-tokenization-and-the-end-of-extraction-a0f895639ffb
- Eye, G. G. (1974). As far as eye can see: Knowledge abundance in an environment of scarcity. The Journal of Educational Research, 67(10), 445-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/00220671.1974.10884676
- Fraser, S., & Deane, E. (1997). Why open learning? Australian Universities’ Review, 40(1), 25-31.
- Garrison, R., Anderson, T., & Archer, W. (2001). Critical thinking, cognitive presence, and computer conferencing in distance education. American Journal of Distance Education, 15(1), 7-23. https://doi.org/10.1080/08923640109527071
- Graves, D. H. (1994). A fresh look at writing. Heinemann.
- Hannafin, M. J., Hall, C., Land, S. M., & Hill, J. R. (1994). Learning in open environments: Assumptions, methods, and implications. Educational Technology, 34(8), 48-55.
- Haraway, D. (1991). A cyborg manifesto: Science, technology, and socialist-feminism in the late twentieth century. In D. Haraway (Ed.), Simians, cyborgs, and women: The reinvention of nature (pp. 149-182). Routledge.
- Hess, C., & Ostrum, E. (2006). Understanding knowledge as a commons: From theory to practice. MIT Press. https://doi.org/10.7551/mitpress/6980.001.0001
- Jenkins, H. (2006). Confronting the challenges of participatory culture: Media education for the 21st century. http://henryjenkins.org/blog/2006/10/confronting_the_challenges_of.html
- Johnston, S., & Stewart, B. (2020). The Open Page: A case study of partnership as open pedagogy. International Journal of Students as Partners, 4(2), 81-89. https://doi.org/10.15173/ijsap.v4i2.4182
- Lankshear, C., & Knobel, M. (2004). New literacies: Changing knowledge & classroom learning. Open University Press.
- Lupton, D., & Williamson, B. (2017). The datafied child: The dataveillance of children and implications for their rights. New Media & Society, 19(5), 780-794. https://doi.org/10.1177/1461444816686328
- Morozov, E. (2013). To save everything, click here. Allen Lane.
- Noble, S. U. (2018). Algorithms of oppression: How search engines reinforce racism. NYU Press. https://doi.org/10.15713/ins.mmj.3
- O’Reilly, T. (2005). What is Web 2.0: Design patterns and business models for the next generation of software. http://oreilly.com/web2/archive/what-is-web-20.html
- Pappano, L. (2012). The year of the MOOC. The New York Times. https://www.nytimes.com/2012/11/04/education/edlife/massive-open-online-courses-are-multiplying-at-a-rapid-pace.html
- Perrotta, C., & Williamson, B. (2018). The social life of learning analytics: Cluster analysis and the ‘performance’ of algorithmic education. Learning, Media and Technology, 43(1), 3-16. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439884.2016.1182927
- Rheingold, H. (2010). Attention and other 21st century social media literacies. Educause Review. https://er.educause.edu/articles/2010/10/attention-and-other-21stcentury-social-media-literacies
- Shilova, M. (2017). The concept of datafication: Definitions and examples. Apiumhub. https://apiumhub.com/tech-blog-barcelona/datafication-examples/
- Siemens, G. (2006). Knowing knowledge. Lulu.com
- Stang, G. (2013). Global commons: Between cooperation and competition. European Institute for Security Studies. https://www.iss.europa.eu/sites/default/files/EUISSFiles/Brief_17.pdf
- Stewart, B. (2010). How not to do a Web 2.0 project. Journal of Curriculum & Pedagogy, 7(2), 47-50.
- Stewart, B. (2013, April 10). How NOT to teach online: A story in two parts. Hybrid Pedagogy. https://hybridpedagogy.org/how-not-to-teach-online-a-story-in-two-parts/
- Stewart, B. (2015, April 13). In public: The shifting consequences of Twitter scholarship. Hybrid Pedagogy. https://hybridpedagogy.org/in-public-the-shifting-consequences-of-twitter-scholarship/
- Stewart, B. (2018). Identity at the core: Open and digital scholarly leadership. In A. Zorn, J. Haywood, & J. M. Glachant (Eds.), Higher education in a digital age (pp. 139-156). Edward Elgar.
- Stewart, B. (2020a, November 10). Why higher education needs data ethics. Inside Higher Education. https://www.insidehighered.com/blogs/university-venus/why-higher-ed-needs-data-ethics
- Stewart, B. (2020b). The Open Page project: Putting digital learning principles into practice for pre-service educators. Journal of Teaching and Learning, 14(1), 59-70. https://doi.org/10.22329/JTL.V14I1.6265
- Stewart, B., & Lyons, E. (2021). When the classroom becomes datafied: A baseline for building data ethics policy and data literacies across higher education. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(2), 54-68. https://doi.org/10.17471/2499-4324/1203
- Thompson, A. (2021). Academic publishing is broken. Scientists for labor. https://www.scientistsforlabour.org.uk/post/academic-publishing-is-broken
- Tufekci, Z. (2017). Twitter and tear gas: How social media changed protest forever. Yale University Press.
- UNESCO. (2002). Open educational resources. https://www.unesco.org/en/communication-information/open-solutions/open-educational-resources
- Veletsianos, G., & Kimmons, R. (2012). Networked participatory scholarship: Emergent techno-cultural pressures toward open and digital scholarship in online networks. Computers & Education, 58(2), 766-774. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2011.10.001
- Watters, A. (2013). Coursera, Chegg, and the education enclosure movement. http://hackeducation.com/2013/05/08/coursera-chegg
- Weller, M. (2011). The digital scholar: How technology is transforming scholarly practice. Bloomsbury Academic. https://doi.org/10.5040/9781849666275
- Weller, M. (2014). The battle for open: How openness won and why it doesn’t feel like victory. Ubiquity Press. https://doi.org/10.5334/bam
- Williamson, B., Bayne, S., & Shay, S. (2020). The datafication of teaching in higher education: Critical issues and perspectives. Teaching in Higher Education, 25(4), 351-365. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2020.1748811
- Wray, E. (2011). RISE model. http://www.emilywray.com/rise-model
- Zuboff, S. (2015). Big other: Surveillance capitalism and the prospects of an information civilization. Journal of Information Technology, 30(1), 75-89. https://doi.org/10.1057/jit.2015.5