Research Article
Sparse, Pair-Wise, Emotion-Focused Interactions: Educators’ Networking Patterns on Twitter at Early Pandemic
More Detail
1 Drexel University, Philadelphia, PA, USA* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 14(3), July 2022, ep373, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/12058
Published: 28 April 2022
OPEN ACCESS 1792 Views 976 Downloads
ABSTRACT
Educators have increasingly turned to social media for their instructional, social, and emotional needs during the COVID-19 pandemic. In order to see where support and professional development would be needed and how the educational community interacted online, we sought to use existing Twitter data to examine potential educators’ networking and discourse patterns. Specifically, this mixed-methods study explores how educators used Twitter as a platform to seek and share resources and support during the transition to remote teaching around the start of massive school closures due to the pandemic. Based on a public COVID-19 Twitter chatter database, tweets from late March to early April 2020 were searched using educational keywords and analyzed using social network analysis and thematic analysis. Social network analysis findings indicate that the support networks for educators on Twitter were sparse and consisted of mainly small, exclusive communities. The networks featured one-on-one interactions during the early pandemic, highlighting that there were few large conversations that most educators were part of but rather many small ones. Thematic analysis findings further suggest that both informational and nurturant support were relatively equally present on Twitter among educators, particularly pedagogical content knowledge and gratitude. This study adds to an understanding of the educational networks as a means of professional and personal support. Additionally, findings present the discourse featured in educator networks at the onset of an educational emergency (i.e., COVID-19) as decentralized as well as desiring pedagogical content knowledge and emotional sharing.
CITATION (APA)
Fan, Y., & Elliott, K. (2022). Sparse, Pair-Wise, Emotion-Focused Interactions: Educators’ Networking Patterns on Twitter at Early Pandemic. Contemporary Educational Technology, 14(3), ep373. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/12058
REFERENCES
- Avalos, B. (2011). Teacher professional development in teaching and teacher education over ten years. Teaching and Teacher Education, 27(1), 10-20. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2010.08.007
- Azorín, C. (2020). Beyond COVID-19 supernova. Is another education coming? Journal of Professional Capital and Community, 5(3/4), 381-390. https://doi.org/10.1108/JPCC-05-2020-0019
- Banda, J. M., Tekumalla, R., Wang, G., Yu, J., Liu, T., Ding, Y., & Chowell, G. (2020). A large-scale COVID-19 Twitter chatter dataset for open scientific research--an international collaboration. arXiv preprint arXiv:2004.03688. https://doi.org/10.3390/epidemiologia2030024
- Bastian, M., Heymann S., & Jacomy M. (2009). Gephi: An open-source software for exploring and manipulating networks. International AAAI Conference on Weblogs and Social Media. https://gephi.org/publications/gephi-bastian-feb09.pdf
- Beigi, G., Hu, X., Maciejewski, R., & Liu, H. (2016). An overview of sentiment analysis in social media and its applications in disaster relief. In W. Pedrycz, & S. M. Chen (Eds.), Sentiment analysis and ontology engineering. Studies in computational intelligence (pp. 313-340). Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-30319-2_13
- Blondel, V. D., Guillaume, J.-L., Lambiotte, R., & Mech, E. (2008). Fast unfolding of communities in large networks. Journal of Statistical Mechanics: Theory and Experiment, 2008, P10008. https://doi.org/10.1088/1742-5468/2008/10/P10008
- Braun, V., & Clarke, V. (2006). Using thematic analysis in psychology. Qualitative Research in Psychology, 3(2), 77-101. https://doi.org/10.1191/1478088706qp063oa
- Bruguera, C., Guitert, M., & Romeu, T. (2019). Social media and professional development: a systematic review. Research in Learning Technology, 27. https://doi.org/10.25304/rlt.v27.2286
- Burnett, G. (2000). Information exchange in virtual communities: A typology. Information Research, 5(4), 82.
- Carpenter, J. P., & Krutka, D. G. (2014). How and why educators use Twitter: A survey of the field. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 46(4), 414-434. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2014.925701
- Carpenter, J. P., Trust, T., Kimmons, R., & Krutka, D. G. (2021). Sharing and self-promoting: An analysis of educator tweeting at the onset of the COVID-19 pandemic. Computers & Education Open, 2, 100038. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.caeo.2021.100038
- Carpenter, J., Tani, T., Morrison, S., & Keane, J. (2020). Exploring the landscape of educator professional activity on Twitter: An analysis of 16 education-related Twitter hashtags. Professional Development in Education. https://doi.org/10.1080/19415257.2020.1752287
- Conrado, S. P., Neville, K., Woodworth, S., & O’Riordan, S. (2016). Managing social media uncertainty to support the decision-making process during emergencies. Journal of Decision Systems, 25(sup1), 171-181. https://doi.org/10.1080/12460125.2016.1187396
- Creswell, J. W., & Clark, V. L. P. (2007). Designing and conducting mixed methods research. SAGE.
- Darabi, A., Sikorski, E., & Harvey, R. (2006). Validated competencies for distance teaching. Distance Education, 27(1), 105-122. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587910600654809
- De Laat, M., & Schreurs, B. (2013). Visualizing informal professional development networks: Building a case for learning analytics in the workplace. American Behavioral Scientist, 57(10), 1421-1438. https://doi.org/10.1177/0002764213479364
- EducationWeek. (2020). Map: Coronavirus and school closures in 2019-2020. https://www.edweek.org/leadership/map-coronavirus-and-school-closures-in-2019-2020/2020/03
- Elliott, J. C. (2017). The evolution from traditional to online professional development: A review. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 33(3), 114-125. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2017.1305304
- Forte, A., Humphreys, M., & Park, T. (2012). Grassroots professional development: How teachers use Twitter. In Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media. Dublin, Ireland.
- Francera, S. (2021). A scale to measure school leaders’ use of Twitter for professional development and learning. NASSP Bulletin, 105(2), 111-129. https://doi.org/10.1177/01926365211008990
- Gilani, E., Salimi, D., Jouyandeh, M., Tavasoli, K., & Wong, W. (2019). A trend study on the impact of social media in decision making. International Journal of Data and Network Science, 3(3), 201-222. https://doi.org/10.5267/j.ijdns.2019.2.004
- Greenhalgh, S. P. (2021). Differences between teacher-focused twitter hashtags and implications for professional development. Italian Journal of Educational Technology, 29(1), 26-45. https://doi.org/10.17471/2499-4324/1161
- Greenhalgh, S. P., & Koehler, M. (2017). 28 days later: Twitter hashtags as “just in time” teacher professional development. TechTrends, 61, 273-281. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11528-016-0142-4
- Greenhalgh, S. P., Rosenberg, J., Staudt Willet, K. B., Koehler, M., & Akcaoglu, M. (2020). Identifying multiple learning spaces within a single teacher-focused Twitter hashtag. Computers & Education, 148, 103809. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2020.103809
- Greenhalgh, S.P., Nnagboro, C., Kaufmann, R., & Gretter, S. (2021) Academic, social, and cultural learning in the French #bac2018 Twitter hashtag. Education Tech Research Development, 69, 1835-1851. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-021-10015-6
- Greenhow, C., Campbell, D., Galvin, S., & Askari, E. (2018, March). Social media in teacher professional development: A literature review. In Proceedings of the Society for Information Technology & Teacher Education International Conference (pp. 2256-2264). Association for the Advancement of Computing in Education.
- Hattie, J. (2020). Visible learning. https://visible-learning.org/
- Haythornthwaite, C. A. (2009). Participatory transformations. University of Illinois Press.
- Herrenkohl, L. R., & Cornelius, L. (2013). Investigating elementary students’ scientific and historical argumentation. Journal of the Learning Sciences, 22(3), 413-461. https://doi.org/10.1080/10508406.2013.799475
- Hjálmsdóttir, A., & Bjarnadóttir, V. S. (2021). “I have turned into a foreman here at home”: Families and work–life balance in times of COVID‐19 in a gender equality paradise. Gender, Work & Organization, 28(1), 268-283. https://doi.org/10.1111/gwao.12552
- Howison, J., Wiggins, A., & Crowston, K. (2011). Validity issues in the use of social network analysis with digital trace data. Journal of the Association for Information Systems, 12(12). https://doi.org/10.17705/1jais.00282
- Hunter, L. J., & Hall, C. M. (2018). A survey of K-12 teachers’ utilization of social networks as a professional resource. Education and Information Technologies, 23(2), 633-658. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-017-9627-9
- Hur, J. W., & Brush, T. A. (2009). Teacher participation in online communities: Why do teachers want to participate in self-generated online communities of K-12 teachers? Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 41(3), 279-303. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2009.10782532
- Jacobs, G., & Rogers, C. (1997). Remote teaching with digital video: Trans-national experience. British Journal of Educational Technology, 28(4), 292-304. https://doi.org/10.1111/1467-8535.00036
- Kebritchi, M., Lipschuetz, A., & Santiague, L. (2017). Issues and challenges for teaching successful online courses in higher education: A literature review. Journal of Educational Technology Systems, 46(1), 4-29. https://doi.org/10.1177/0047239516661713
- Lachner, A., Fabian, A., Franke, U., Preiß, J., Jacob, L., Führer, C., Küchler, U., Paravicini, W., Randler, C., & Thomas, P. (2021). Fostering pre-service teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge (TPACK): A quasi-experimental field study. Computers & Education, 174, 104304. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104304
- Landherr, A., Freidl, B., & Heidemann, J. (2010). A critical review of centrality measures in social networks. Business & Information Systems Engineering, 6, 371-385. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12599-010-0127-3
- Lave, J., & Wenger, E. (1991). Situated learning: Legitimate peripheral participation. Cambridge University Press.
- Lee-Johnson, J., & Henderson, L. (2019). Using social media to re(center) black women’s voices in educational research. In R. Winkle-Wagner, J. Lee-Johnson, & A. N. Gasket (Eds.), Critical theory and qualitative data analysis in education (pp.222-235). Routledge. https://doi.org/10.4324/9781315158860-16
- Macià, M., & García, I. (2016). Informal online communities and networks as a source of teacher professional development: A review. Teaching and Teacher Education, 55, 291-307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2016.01.021
- Mancinelli, D. (2020, July). Using social media to build a personal learning network. Edutopia. https://www.edutopia.org/article/using-social-media-build-personal-learning-network
- Marcelo, C., & Marcelo, P. (2020). Educational influencers on Twitter. Analysis of hashtags and relationship structure. Communicar, 29(68), 73-83. https://doi.org/10.3916/C68-2021-06
- Mishra, P., & Koehler, M. (2006). Technological pedagogical content knowledge: A framework for teacher knowledge. Teachers College Record, 108(6), 1017-1054. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9620.2006.00684.x
- Mislove, A., Lehmann, S., Ahn, Y. Y., Onnela, J. P., & Rosenquist, J. (2011, July). Understanding the demographics of Twitter users. Proceedings of the International AAAI Conference on Web and Social Media, 5(1), 554-557.
- Moore-Adams, B. L., Jones, W. M., & Cohen, J. (2016). Learning to teach online: A systematic review of the literature on K-12 teacher preparation for teaching online. Distance Education, 37(3), 333-348. https://doi.org/10.1080/01587919.2016.1232158
- Nagle, J. (2018). Twitter, cyber-violence, and the need for a critical social media literacy in teacher education: A review of the literature. Teaching and Teacher Education, 76, 86-94. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.tate.2018.08.014
- Prestridge, S. (2019). Categorising teachers’ use of social media for their professional learning: A self-generating professional learning paradigm. Computers & Education, 129, 143-158. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.11.003
- Purwanto, A., Asbari, M., Fahlevi, M., Mufid, A., Agistiawati, E., Cahyono, Y., & Suryani, P. (2020). Impact of work from home (WFH) on Indonesian teachers performance during the COVID-19 pandemic: An exploratory study. International Journal of Advanced Science and Technology, 29(5), 6235-6244.
- Quintanilla, B. U. (2016). The implications of social media use: Secondary teachers’ use of social media for personal, professional, and instructional purposes [Doctoral dissertation, University of North Texas].
- Ranieri, M., Manca, S., & Fini, A. (2012). Why (and how) do teachers engage in social networks? An exploratory study of professional use of Facebook and its implications for lifelong learning. British Journal of Educational Technology, 43(5), 754-769. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-8535.2012.01356.x
- Rosell-Aguilar, F. (2021). Locked down but not isolated: Twitter collaboration among teachers in response to COVID-19. In A. Plutino, & E. Polisca (Eds.), Languages at work, competent multilinguals and the pedagogical challenges of COVID-19 (pp.71-77). Research-publishing.net.https://doi.org/10.14705/rpnet.2021.49.1220
- Rosenberg, J. M., Greenhalgh, S. P., Koehler, M. J., Hamilton, E. R., & Akcaoglu, M. (2016). An investigation of state educational Twitter hashtags (SETHs) as affinity spaces. E-Learning and Digital Media, 13(1-2), 24-44. https://doi.org/10.1177/2042753016672351
- Saldaña, J. (2016). The coding manual for qualitative researchers. SAGE.
- Schlager, M. S., Farooq, U., Fusco, J., Schank, P., & Dwyer, N. (2009). Analyzing online teacher networks: Cyber networks require cyber research tools. Journal of Teacher Education, 60(1), 86-100. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487108328487
- Schoen, H., Gayo-Avello, D., Metaxas, P. T., Mustafaraj, E., Strohmaier, M., & Gloor, P. (2013). The power of prediction with social media. Internet Research, 23(5), 1-20. https://doi.org/10.1108/IntR-06-2013-0115
- Shadish, W. R., Cook, T. D., & Campbell, D. T. (2001). Experimental and quasi-experimental designs for generalized causal inference. Wadsworth Publishing.
- Staudt Willet, K. B. (2019). Revisiting how and why educators use Twitter: Tweet types and purposes in# Edchat. Journal of Research on Technology in Education, 51(3), 273-289. https://doi.org/10.1080/15391523.2019.1611507
- Supovitz, J. A., Kolouch, C., & Daly, A. J. (2020). The social psychology of homophily: The collective sentiments of education advocacy groups. Teachers College Record, 122(6). https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200603
- Tang, H. (2021). Teaching teachers to use technology through massive open online course: Perspectives of interaction equivalency. Computers & Education, 174, 104307. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2021.104307
- Tashakkori, A., & Teddie, C. (Eds.). (2003). Handbook of mixed methods in social and behavioral research. SAGE.
- Teaching Tolerance. (2020). About teaching tolerance. https://www.tolerance.org/about
- Torphy, K. T., Brandon, D. L., Daly, A. J., Frank, K. A., Greenhow, C., Hua, S., & Rehm, M. (2020). Social media, education, and digital democratization. Teachers College Record, 122(6), 1-7. https://doi.org/10.1177/016146812012200601
- Trust, T. (2012). Professional learning networks designed for teacher learning. Journal of Digital Learning in Teacher Education, 28(4), 133-138. https://doi.org/10.1080/21532974.2012.10784693
- Trust, T., Krutka, D. G., & Carpenter, J. P. (2016). “Together we are better”: Professional learning networks for teachers. Computers & Education, 102, 15-34. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.06.007
- UNESCO. (2020). COVID-19 educational disruption and response. https://en.unesco.org/covid19/educationresponse
- Vaismoradi, M., Turunen, H., Bondas, T. (2013). Content analysis and thematic analysis: Implications for conducting a qualitative descriptive study. Nursing & Health Sciences, 15(3), 398-405. https://doi.org/10.1111/nhs.12048
- Veletsianos, G., Johnson, N., & Belikov, O. (2019). Academics’ social media use over time is associated with individual, relational, cultural and political factors. British Journal of Educational Technology, 50(4), 1713-1728. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12788
- Wasserman, S., & Faust, K. (1994). Social network analysis: Methods and applications. Cambridge University Press. https://doi.org/10.1017/CBO9780511815478
- Wesely, P. M. (2013). Investigating the community of practice of world language educators on Twitter. Journal of Teacher Education, 64(4), 305-318. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022487113489032
- Zeeman, L., Poggenpoel, M., Myburgh, C. P. H., & Van der Linde, N. (2002). An introduction to a postmodern approach to educational research: Discourse analysis. Education, 123(1), 96-102. https://doi.org/10.4102/hsag.v7i1.300
- Zhang, S., Liu, Q., Chen, W., Wang, Q., & Huang, Z. (2017). Interactive networks and social knowledge construction behavioral patterns in primary school teachers’ online collaborative learning activities. Computers & Education, 104, 1-17. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.10.011
- Zimmerle, J., & Lambert, C. (2019). Globally connected: using Twitter to support rural pre-service teachers. Theory and Practice in Rural Education, 9(1), 91-104. https://doi.org/10.3776/tpre.2019.v9n1p91-104