Research Article

Impacts of digital connectivity on Thailand’s Generation Z undergraduates’ social skills and emotional intelligence

Narinthon Imjai 1 , Somnuk Aujirapongpan 2 * , Jaturon Jutidharabongse 1 , Berto Usman 3
More Detail
1 Faculty of Management Science, Nakhon Si Thammarat Rajabhat University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, THAILAND2 School of Accountancy and Finance, Walailak University, Nakhon Si Thammarat, THAILAND3 Faculty of Economics and Business, University of Bengkulu, Bengkulu, INDONESIA* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 16(1), January 2024, ep487, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/14043
Published: 01 January 2024
OPEN ACCESS   2924 Views   2378 Downloads
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

Notwithstanding the pervasive utilization of digital technology in social and educational realms, an in-depth understanding and exploration of the interrelationships amongst digital connectivity, social skills, and emotional intelligence, particularly within Generation Z demographic–known for their heavy reliance on digital platforms–remains elusive. This study endeavors to address this gap. Applying structural equation modeling, it examined the interrelationships between digital connectivity, social skills, and emotional intelligence, surveying a sample of 518 Generation Z students (comprising 77.61% females, 20.64% males, and 1.74% non-binary) across various academic years and disciplines at a university located in Southern Thailand. PLS-SEM software was employed to evaluate the structural model and substantiate the research hypotheses. Our findings suggest that digital connectivity did not detrimentally impact social skills. However, it negatively influenced emotional intelligence among Generation Z students, observable both at the operational level and in terms of fostering the capacity to regulate one’s own and others’ emotional states. Despite this, social skills proved to significantly enhance emotional intelligence. The same consistent pattern of a positive and significant influence is observed when testing the indirect effect of digital connectivity on emotional intelligence through social skills. Furthermore, it was found that robust and effective digital connectivity could potentially bolster understanding and management of emotions in the digital age, much like well-developed social skills. Hence, this study provides substantial insights into the nuanced impacts of digital connectivity on the social and emotional development of Generation Z students.
Keywords: digital connectivity, social skills, emotional intelligence, Generation Z students

CITATION (APA)

Imjai, N., Aujirapongpan, S., Jutidharabongse, J., & Usman, B. (2024). Impacts of digital connectivity on Thailand’s Generation Z undergraduates’ social skills and emotional intelligence. Contemporary Educational Technology, 16(1), ep487. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/14043

REFERENCES

  1. Abuarqoub, I. A. S. (2019). Language barriers to effective communication. Utopía Y Praxis Latinoamericana, 24(1), 64-77. https://produccioncientificaluz.org/index.php/utopia/article/view/30060
  2. Ahmed, S. T., & Roche, T. (2021). Making the connection: Examining the relationship between undergraduate students’ digital literacy and academic success in an English medium instruction (EMI) university. Education and Information Technologies, 26(4), 4601-4620. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10639-021-10443-0
  3. Al Salman, Z. H., Al Debel, F. A., Al Zakaria, F. M., Shafey, M. M., & Darwish, M. A. (2020). Anxiety and depression and their relation to the use of electronic devices among secondary school students in Al-Khobar, Saudi Arabia, 2018-2019. Journal of Family & Community Medicine, 27(1), 53. https://doi.org/10.4103/jfcm.JFCM_140_19
  4. Arghode, V., Lakshmanan, G., & Nafukho, F. M. (2022). Emotional intelligence, intercultural competence and online instruction: Review and reflection. European Journal of Training and Development, 47(5/6), 437-455. https://doi.org/10.1108/EJTD-05-2021-0064
  5. Babatunde, F., Sunday, H., & Adeshina, O. (2023). Emotional intelligence in conflict management and leadership effectiveness in organizations. International Journal of Research, 10(3), 146-165. https://ijrjournal.com/index.php/ijr/article/view/843/733
  6. Beardsley, M., Albó, L., Aragón, P., & Hernández-Leo, D. (2021). Emergency education effects on teacher abilities and motivation to use digital technologies. British Journal of Educational Technology, 52(4), 1455-1477. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.13101
  7. Beauvais, A., Andreychik, M., & Henkel, L. A. (2017). The role of emotional intelligence and empathy in compassionate nursing care. Mindfulness & Compassion, 2(2), 92-100. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.mincom.2017.09.001
  8. Bozzola, E., Spina, G., Agostiniani, R., Barni, S., Russo, R., Scarpato, E., Di Mauro, A., Di Stefano, A. V., Caruso, C., Corsello, G., & Staiano, A. (2022). The use of social media in children and adolescents: Scoping review on the potential risks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(16), 9960. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19169960
  9. Büchi, M., Festic, N., & Latzer, M. (2019). Digital overuse and subjective well-being in a digitized society. Social Media + Society, 5(4), 2056305119886031. https://doi.org/10.1177/2056305119886031
  10. Carmines, E. G., & Zeller, R. A. (1979). Reliability and validity assessment. SAGE. https://doi.org/10.4135/9781412985642
  11. Chen, M., & Xiao, X. (2022). The effect of social media on the development of students’ affective variables. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 1010766. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.1010766
  12. Crick, N. R., & Dodge, K. A. (1994). A review and reformulation of social information-processing mechanisms in children’s social adjustment. Psychological Bulletin, 115(1), 74-101. https://doi.org/10.1037/0033-2909.115.1.74
  13. Derks, D., Fischer, A. H., & Bos, A. E. (2008). The role of emotion in computer-mediated communication: A review. Computers in Human Behavior, 24(3), 766-785. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2007.04.004
  14. Dijkstra, T. K., & Henseler, J. (2015). Consistent partial least squares path modeling. MIS Quarterly, 39, 297-316. https://doi.org/10.25300/MISQ/2015/39.2.02
  15. Dragomir, G. M., Fărcașiu, M. A., & Șimon, S. (2021). Students’ perceptions of verbal and non-verbal communication behaviors during and after the COVID-19 pandemic. Applied Sciences, 11(18), 8282. https://doi.org/10.3390/app11188282
  16. Duchek, S. (2020). Organizational resilience: A capability-based conceptualization. Business Research, 13(1), 215-246. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40685-019-0085-7
  17. Flykt, A., Hörlin, T., Linder, F., Wennstig, A. K., Sayeler, G., Hess, U., & Bänziger, T. (2021). Exploring emotion recognition and the understanding of others’ unspoken thoughts and feelings when narrating self-experienced emotional events. Journal of Nonverbal Behavior, 45, 67-81. https://doi.org/10.1007/s10919-020-00340-4
  18. Fornell, C., & Larcker, D. F. (1981). Structural equation models with unobservable variables and measurement error: Algebra and statistics. Journal of Marketing Research, 18, 382-388. https://doi.org/10.2307/3150980
  19. Fukushima, A. (2021). Promises and challenges of digital connectivity. https://cadmus.eui.eu/handle/1814/71620
  20. Goleman, D. (1996). Emotional intelligence. Why it can matter more than IQ. Learning, 24(6), 49-50. https://www.academia.edu/37329006/Emotional_Intelligence_Why_it_Can_Matter_More_Than_IQ_by_Daniel_Goleman
  21. Graham, M., Ojanperä, S., Anwar, M. A., & Friederici, N. (2017). Digital connectivity and African knowledge economies. Questions de Communication [Communication Issues], 32, 345-360. https://doi.org/10.4000/questionsdecommunication.11579
  22. Gupta, M., & Sharma, A. (2021). Fear of missing out: A brief overview of origin, theoretical underpinnings and relationship with mental health. World Journal of Clinical Cases, 9(19), 4881. https://doi.org/10.12998/wjcc.v9.i19.4881
  23. Hair, J. F., Black, W. C., Babin, B. J., & Anderson, R. E. (2010). Multivariate data analysis. Pearson.
  24. Hair, J., Hult, G., Ringle, C., & Sarstedt, M. (2017). A primer on partial least squares structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM). SAGE. https://doi.org/10.1080/1743727X.2015.1005806
  25. Hair, J., Risher, J., Sarstedt, M., & Ringle, C. (2019). When to use and how to report the results of PLS-SEM. European Business Review, 31(1), 2-24. https://doi.org/10.1108/EBR-11-2018-0203
  26. Haleem, A., Javaid, M., Qadri, M. A., & Suman, R. (2022). Understanding the role of digital technologies in education: A review. Sustainable Operations and Computers, 3, 275-285. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.susoc.2022.05.004
  27. Harris, V. W., Anderson, J., & Visconti, B. (2022). Social emotional ability development (SEAD): An integrated model of practical emotion-based competencies. Motivation and Emotion, 46, 226-253. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11031-021-09922-1
  28. Henseler, J., Ringle, C. M., & Sarstedt, M. (2015). A new criterion for assessing discriminant validity in variance-based structural equation modeling. Journal of the Academy of Marketing Science, 43, 115-135. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11747-014-0403-8
  29. Herath, H. M. V. R. (2021). Starlink: A solution to the digital connectivity divide in education in the global South. arXiv. https://doi.org/10.48550/arXiv.2110.09225
  30. Hernez-Broome, G. (2012). Social intelligence: The new science of human relationships. Journal of Psychological Issues in Organizational Culture, 3(2), 75-78. https://doi.org/10.1002/jpoc.20099
  31. Herrity, J. (2023). Interpersonal skills: Definitions, examples and how to improve. https://www.indeed.com/career-advice/resumes-cover-letters/interpersonal-skills
  32. Holtzman, S., Kushlev, K., Wozny, A., & Godard, R. (2021). Long-distance texting: Text messaging is linked with higher relationship satisfaction in long-distance relationships. Journal of Social and Personal Relationships, 38(12), 3543-3565. https://doi.org/10.1177/02654075211043296
  33. Hoque, A. S. M. M. (2018). Digital device addiction effect on lifestyle of Generation Z in Bangladesh. Asian People Journal, 1(2), 21-44. https://journal.unisza.edu.my/apj/index.php/apj/article/view/68
  34. Hunter, J. F., Jones, N. M., Delgadillo, D., & Kaveladze, B. (2022). The influence of technology on the assessment and conceptualization of social support. In K. Wac, & S. Wulfovich (Eds.), Quantifying quality of life: Incorporating daily life into medicine (pp. 373-394). Springer. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-94212-0_15
  35. Joseph, D. L., & Newman, D. A. (2010). Emotional intelligence: An integrative meta-analysis and cascading model. Journal of Applied Psychology, 95(1), 54-78. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0017286
  36. Khulwa, C. A., & Luthfia, A. (2023). Generation Z students’ digital literacy on online learning readiness. In Proceedings of the 11th International Conference on Information and Education Technology (pp. 360-364). IEEE. https://doi.org/10.1109/ICIET56899.2023.10111186
  37. Kirkman, B. L., Rosen, B., Tesluk, P. E., & Gibson, C. B. (2004). The impact of team empowerment on virtual team performance: The moderating role of face-to-face interaction. Academy of Management Journal, 47(2), 175-192. https://doi.org/10.5465/20159571
  38. Krasnova, H., Wenninger, H., Widjaja, T., & Buxmann, P. (2013). Envy on Facebook: A hidden threat to users’ life satisfaction? Wirtschaftsinformatik Proceedings 2013, 92. https://aisel.aisnet.org/wi2013/92
  39. Kraut, R., Kiesler, S., Boneva, B., Cummings, J., Helgeson, V., & Crawford, A. (2003). Internet paradox revisited. Journal of Social Issues, 58, 49-74. https://doi.org/10.1111/1540-4560.00248
  40. Kuang, S. Y., Kamel-ElSayed, S., & Pitts, D. (2019). How to receive criticism: Theory and practice from cognitive and cultural approaches. Medical Science Educator, 29, 1109-1115. https://doi.org/10.1007/s40670-019-00808-z
  41. Lee, J. Y., Park, S., Na, E. Y., & Kim, E. M. (2016). A comparative study on the relationship between social networking site use and social capital among Australian and Korean youth. Journal of Youth Studies, 19(9), 1164-1183. https://doi.org/10.1080/13676261.2016.1145637
  42. Lee, Y. K. (2021). Impacts of digital technostress and digital technology self-efficacy on Fintech usage intention of Chinese Generation Z consumers. Sustainability, 13(9), 5077. https://doi.org/10.3390/su13095077
  43. Lim, C., & Han, H. (2020). Development of instructional design strategies for integrating an online support system for creative problem-solving into a university course. Asia Pacific Education Review, 21, 539-552. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12564-020-09638-w
  44. Lin, L. Y., Sidani, J. E., Shensa, A., Radovic, A., Miller, E., Colditz, J. B., Hoffman, B. L., Giles, L. M., & Primack, B. A. (2016). Association between social media use and depression among US young adults. Depression and Anxiety, 33(4), 323-331. https://doi.org/10.1002/da.22466
  45. Lüders, A., Dinkelberg, A., & Quayle, M. (2022). Becoming “us” in digital spaces: How online users creatively and strategically exploit social media affordances to build up social identity. Acta Psychologica, 228, 103643. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.actpsy.2022.103643
  46. Manago, A. M., Taylor, T., & Greenfield, P. M. (2012). Me and my 400 friends: The anatomy of college students’ Facebook networks, their communication patterns, and well-being. Developmental Psychology, 48(2), 369-380. https://doi.org/10.1037/a0026338
  47. Marciano, L., Ostroumova, M., Schulz, P. J., & Camerini, A. L. (2022). Digital media use and adolescents’ mental health during the COVID-19 pandemic: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Frontiers in Public Health, 9, 793868. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpubh.2021.793868
  48. Mascia, M. L., Agus, M., & Penna, M. P. (2020). Emotional intelligence, self-regulation, smartphone addiction: Which relationship with student well-being and quality of life? Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 375. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.00375
  49. Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Fontaine, J. (2008). Mapping expressive differences around the world: The relationship between emotional display rules and individualism versus collectivism. Journal of Cross-Cultural Psychology, 39(1), 55-74. https://doi.org/10.1177/0022022107311854
  50. Matsumoto, D., Yoo, S. H., & Nakagawa, S. (2008). Culture, emotion regulation, and adjustment. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, 94(6), 925. https://doi.org/10.1037/0022-3514.94.6.925
  51. Mayer, J. D., Salovey, P., & Caruso, D. R. (2008). Emotional intelligence: New ability or eclectic traits? American Psychologist, 63(6), 503. https://doi.org/10.1037/0003-066X.63.6.503
  52. McDaniel, B. T., & Coyne, S. M. (2016). “Technoference”: The interference of technology in couple relationships and implications for women’s personal and relational well-being. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 5(1), 85-98. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000065
  53. Michael, J., Sebanz, N., & Knoblich, G. (2016). The sense of commitment: A minimal approach. Frontiers in Psychology, 6, 1968. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2015.01968
  54. Mishra, D. (2016). World development report 2016: Digital dividends. https://www.worldbank.org/en/publication/wdr2016
  55. Morrison-Smith, S., & Ruiz, J. (2020). Challenges and barriers in virtual teams: A literature review. SN Applied Sciences, 2, 1096. https://doi.org/10.1007/s42452-020-2801-5
  56. Nakshine, V. S., Thute, P., Khatib, M. N., & Sarkar, B. (2022). Increased screen time as a cause of declining physical, psychological health, and sleep patterns: A literary review. Cureus, 14(10), e30051. https://doi.org/10.7759/cureus.30051
  57. O’Connell, E., O’Brien, W., Bhattacharya, M., Moore, D., & Penica, M. (2023). Digital twins: Enabling interoperability in smart manufacturing networks. Telecom, 4(2), 265-278. https://doi.org/10.3390/telecom4020016
  58. Odgers, C. L., Jensen, M. R., & Siyahhan Julnes, P. (2018). Annual research review: Adolescent mental health in the digital age: Facts, fears, and future directions. Journal of Child Psychology and Psychiatry, 59(4), 446-474. https://doi.org/10.1111/jcpp.13190
  59. Oladimeji, D., Gupta, K., Kose, N. A., Gundogan, K., Ge, L., & Liang, F. (2023). Smart transportation: An overview of technologies and applications. Sensors, 23(8), 3880. https://doi.org/10.3390/s23083880
  60. Onifade, T. (2022). Effects of social media validation. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/357606313_Effects_of_Social_Media_Validation
  61. Paul, R., Drake, J. R., & Liang, H. (2016). Global virtual team performance: The effect of coordination effectiveness, trust, and team cohesion. IEEE Transactions on Professional Communication, 59(3), 186-202. https://doi.org/10.1109/TPC.2016.2583319
  62. Pedalino, F., & Camerini, A. L. (2022). Instagram use and body dissatisfaction: The mediating role of upward social comparison with peers and influencers among young females. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 19(3), 1543. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph19031543
  63. Peixoto, I., & Muniz, M. (2022). Emotional intelligence, intelligence and social skills in different areas of work and leadership. Psico-USF, 27, 237-250. https://doi.org/10.1590/1413-82712022270203
  64. Petrides, K. V. (2001). Trait emotional intelligence: Psychometric investigation with reference to established trait taxonomies. European Journal of Personality, 15(6), 425-448. https://doi.org/10.1002/per.416
  65. Przybylski, A. K., & Weinstein, N. (2017). A large-scale test of the goldilocks hypothesis: Quantifying the relations between digital-screen use and the mental well-being of adolescents. Psychological Science, 28(2), 204-215. https://doi.org/10.1177/0956797616678438
  66. Rakangthong, N.K., Hareebin, Y., Dowpiset, K., Jutidharabongse, J., & Aujirapongpan, S. (2023). Exploring managers’ skills affecting dynamic-innovative capabilities and performance in new normal era. HighTech and Innovation Journal, 4(1), 37-54. https://doi.org/10.28991/HIJ-2023-04-01-03
  67. Rosen, L. D., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2014). Facebook and texting made me do it: Media-induced task-switching while studying. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 948-958. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.12.001
  68. Rosen, L. D., Whaling, K., Rab, S., Carrier, L. M., & Cheever, N. A. (2013). Is Facebook creating “iDisorders”? The link between clinical symptoms of psychiatric disorders and technology use, attitudes and anxiety. Computers in Human Behavior, 29(3), 1243-1254. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.11.012
  69. Rosing, F., Boer, D., & Buengeler, C. (2022). When timing is key: How autocratic and democratic leadership relate to follower trust in emergency contexts. Frontiers in Psychology, 13, 904605. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2022.904605
  70. Rowe, A. D., & Fitness, J. (2018). Understanding the role of negative emotions in adult learning and achievement: A social functional perspective. Behavioral Sciences, 8(2), 27. https://doi.org/10.3390/bs8020027
  71. Sánchez-Álvarez, N., Extremera, N., & Fernández-Berrocal, P. (2016). The relation between emotional intelligence and subjective well-being: A meta-analytic investigation. The Journal of Positive Psychology, 11(3), 276-285. https://doi.org/10.1080/17439760.2015.1058968
  72. Schou, P. K., Bucher, E., & Waldkirch, M. (2022). Entrepreneurial learning in online communities. Small Business Economics, 58, 2087-2108. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11187-021-00502-8
  73. Serrat, O. (2017). Understanding and developing emotional intelligence. In Knowledge solutions: Tools, methods, and approaches to drive organizational performance (pp. 329-339). https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-10-0983-9_37
  74. Shaw, H., Ellis, D. A., Kendrick, L. R., Ziegler, F., & Wiseman, R. (2016). Predicting smartphone operating system from personality and individual differences. Cyberpsychology, Behavior, and Social Networking, 19(12), 727-732. https://doi.org/10.1089/cyber.2016.0324
  75. Sibiya, M. N. (2018). Effective communication in nursing. Nursing, 19, 20-34. https://doi.org/10.5772/intechopen.74995
  76. Sinha, S., & Sinha, D. (2007). Emotional intelligence and effective communication. Management Communication: Trends & Strategies, 1(1), 450-460. https://www.researchgate.net/publication/315516240_EMOTIONAL_ INTELLIGENCE_AND_EFFECTIVE_COMMUNICATION
  77. Taskin, B., & Ok, C. (2022). Impact of digital literacy and problematic smartphone use on life satisfaction: Comparing pre-and post-COVID-19 pandemic. European Journal of Investigation in Health, Psychology and Education, 12(9), 1311-1322. https://doi.org/10.3390/ejihpe12090091
  78. Throuvala, M. A., Griffiths, M. D., Rennoldson, M., & Kuss, D. J. (2019). A ‘control model’ of social media engagement in adolescence: A grounded theory analysis. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 16(23), 4696. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph16234696
  79. Tridinanti, G. (2018). The correlation between speaking anxiety, self-confidence, and speaking achievement of Undergraduate EFL students of private university in Palembang. International Journal of Education and Literacy Studies, 6(4), 35-39. https://doi.org/10.7575/aiac.ijels.v.6n.4p.35
  80. Trigueros, R., Sanchez-Sanchez, E., Mercader, I., Aguilar-Parra, J. M., López-Liria, R., Morales-Gázquez, M. J., Fernandez-Campoy, J. M., & Rocamora, P. (2020). Relationship between emotional intelligence, social skills and peer harassment. A study with high school students. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 17(12), 4208. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph17124208
  81. Twenge, J. M. (2019). More time on technology, less happiness? Associations between digital-media use and psychological well-being. Current Directions in Psychological Science, 28(4), 372-379. https://doi.org/10.1177/0963721419838244
  82. Tyagi, T., & Meena, S. (2022). Online social networking and its relationship with mental health and emotional intelligence among female students. Clinical Epidemiology and Global Health, 17, 101131. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cegh.2022.101131
  83. Valkenburg, P. M., & Peter, J. (2013). Online communication and adolescent well-being: Testing the stimulation versus the displacement hypothesis. Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, 18(4), 407-425. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1083-6101.2007.00368.x
  84. Vedechkina, M., & Borgonovi, F. (2021). A review of evidence on the role of digital technology in shaping attention and cognitive control in children. Frontiers in Psychology, 12, 611155. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2021.611155
  85. Verduyn, P., Lee, D. S., Park, J., Shablack, H., Orvell, A., Bayer, J., Ybarra, O., Jonides, J., & Kross, E. (2015). Passive Facebook usage undermines affective well-being: Experimental and longitudinal evidence. Journal of Experimental Psychology: General, 144(2), 480-488. https://doi.org/10.1037/xge0000057
  86. Vogel, E. A., Rose, J. P., Roberts, L. R., & Eckles, K. (2014). Social comparison, social media, and self-esteem. Psychology of Popular Media Culture, 3(4), 206-222. https://doi.org/10.1037/ppm0000047
  87. Vorderer, P., Klimmt, C., & Ritterfeld, U. (2004). Enjoyment: At the heart of media entertainment. Communication Theory, 14(4), 388-408. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-2885.2004.tb00321.x
  88. Vuchkovski, D., Zalaznik, M., Mitręga, M., & Pfajfar, G. (2023). A look at the future of work: The digital transformation of teams from conventional to virtual. Journal of Business Research, 163, 113912. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jbusres.2023.113912
  89. Wang, Z., Tchernev, J. M., & Solloway, T. (2012). A dynamic longitudinal examination of social media use, needs, and gratifications among college students. Computers in Human Behavior, 28(5), 1829-1839. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2012.05.001
  90. Wright, G. (2023). Social networking. https://www.techtarget.com/whatis/definition/social-networking
  91. Yeke, S. (2023). Digital intelligence as a partner of emotional intelligence in business administration. Asia Pacific Management Review, 28(4), 390-400. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.apmrv.2023.01.001
  92. Zandi, H., Amirinejhad, A., Azizifar, A., Aibod, S., Veisani, Y., & Mohamadian, F. (2021). The effectiveness of mindfulness training on coping with stress, exam anxiety, and happiness to promote health. Journal of Education and Health Promotion, 10(1), 177. https://doi.org/10.4103%2Fjehp.jehp_616_20