Review Article

SPOC model and deep learning in higher education: A systematic review (2020-2025)

Long Yujie 1 * , Nurfaradilla Binti Mohamad Nasri 2 , Muhammad Helmi Bin Norman 2 , Zhang Shuran 1
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1 Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA2 Center for Educational Leadership and Policy Research, Faculty of Education, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia, Bangi, MALAYSIA* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 18(2), April 2026, ep642, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/18059
Published: 10 March 2026
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ABSTRACT

Amid the digital transformation of higher education, fostering deep learning–emphasizing higher-order thinking, autonomy, and knowledge transfer–has become a critical reform goal. The small private online course (SPOC) model, known for its interactivity and personalized support, shows strong potential to promote deep learning. However, prior research remains fragmented and lacks systematic integration. This study addresses the gap by conducting a systematic review of 37 empirical studies published between 2020 and 2025. Using preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analyses for screening and the mixed methods appraisal tool for quality appraisal, the review synthesizes findings across five dimensions: conceptualization, effectiveness, methodology, influencing factors, and theoretical foundations. Results reveal that 35 studies affirm SPOC’s effectiveness in enhancing deep learning, particularly in cognitive development, self-regulation, and engagement. Key enablers include task design, instructor facilitation, and platform feedback systems. The review concludes that SPOC serves as a viable pedagogical model for advancing deep learning in higher education and offers practical guidance for researchers and educators.
Keywords: SPOC model, deep learning, higher education, blended learning, systematic review, instructional design, educational technology

CITATION (APA)

Yujie, L., Nasri, N. B. M., Norman, M. H. B., & Shuran, Z. (2026). SPOC model and deep learning in higher education: A systematic review (2020-2025). Contemporary Educational Technology, 18(2), ep642. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/18059

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