Research Article

Effects of flipped teaching on entrepreneurship professional student’ learning motivation, self-directed learning, and learning outcome

Hsin-Ming Hsieh 1 , Alex Maritz 1 *
More Detail
1 La Trobe Business School, La Trobe University, Melbourne, AUSTRALIA* Corresponding Author
Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), October 2023, ep472, https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13649
Published Online: 07 September 2023, Published: 01 October 2023
OPEN ACCESS   1434 Views   940 Downloads
Download Full Text (PDF)

ABSTRACT

Flipped instruction has garnered significant interest in higher education for its potential to enhance student motivation and self-regulated learning. This quasi-experimental study examined the impact of flipped teaching on motivation and self-directed learning attributes among 106 entrepreneurship students at universities in Taiwan. Students completed pre- and post-intervention surveys measuring intrinsic motivation, extrinsic motivation, and facets of self-directed learning. Bayesian paired samples t-tests revealed that flipped instruction significantly increased both intrinsic and extrinsic motivation. Self-directed learning attributes including internal processes, behavioral approaches, and environmental preferences also improved following the flipped teaching intervention. Additionally, machine learning models were developed to predict students’ final exam scores based on pre-intervention motivation, self-directed learning, and learning expectations. A linear regression model accounted for 59.1% of variance in exam scores, with pre-learning expectations emerging as the strongest positive predictor. However, pre-intervention intrinsic motivation intriguingly showed a negative relationship with predicted exam performance. Overall, this study provides preliminary evidence that flipped instruction can increase student motivation and self-directed learning capabilities. The predictive modeling also suggests complex interactions between attributes in influencing academic achievement. Further research with larger, more diverse samples is recommended to validate the motivational and self-regulatory benefits of flipped teaching for higher education students.

CITATION (APA)

Hsieh, H.-M., & Maritz, A. (2023). Effects of flipped teaching on entrepreneurship professional student’ learning motivation, self-directed learning, and learning outcome. Contemporary Educational Technology, 15(4), ep472. https://doi.org/10.30935/cedtech/13649

REFERENCES

  1. Abdullah, M. Y., Hussin, S., & Ismail, K. (2019). Implementation of flipped classroom model and its effectiveness on English speaking performance. International Journal of Emerging Technologies in Learning, 14(9), 130-147. https://doi.org/10.3991/IJET.V14I09.10348
  2. Abeysekera, L., & Dawson, P. (2015). Motivation and cognitive load in the flipped classroom: Definition, rationale and a call for research. Higher Education Research and Development, 34(1), 1-14. https://doi.org/10.1080/07294360.2014.934336
  3. Abu Saa, A., Al-Emran, M., & Shaalan, K. (2019). Factors affecting students’ performance in higher education: A systematic review of predictive data mining techniques. Technology, Knowledge and Learning, 24, 567-598). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10758-019-09408-7
  4. Ahn, I., Patrick, H., Chiu, M. M., & Levesque-Bristol, C. (2019). Measuring teacher practices that support student motivation: Examining the factor structure of the teacher as social context questionnaire using multilevel factor analyses. Journal of Psychoeducational Assessment, 37(6), 743-756. https://doi.org/10.1177/0734282918791655
  5. Akcayir, G., & Akcayir, M. (2018). The flipped classroom: A review of its advantages and challenges. Computers and Education, 126, 334-345. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2018.07.021
  6. Andrade, H. L. (2019). A critical review of research on student self-assessment. Frontiers in Education, 4, 1-13. https://doi.org/10.3389/feduc.2019.00087
  7. Bishop, J., & Verleger, M. (2013). The flipped classroom: A survey of the research. In Proceedings of the 2013 ASEE Annual Conference & Exposition. https://doi.org/10.18260/1-2--22585
  8. Brown, S. D., Tramayne, S., Hoxha, D., Telander, K., Fan, X., & Lent, R. W. (2008). Social cognitive predictors of college students’ academic performance and persistence: A meta-analytic path analysis. Journal of Vocational Behavior, 72(3), 298-308. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jvb.2007.09.003
  9. Brown, T. A. (2015). Confirmatory factor analysis for applied research. The Guilford Press.
  10. Ceylaner, S. G., & Karakus, F. (2018). Effects of the flipped classroom model on students’ self-directed learning readiness and attitudes towards the English course. English Language Teaching, 11(9), 129-143.
  11. Cheng, W. (2019). How intrinsic and extrinsic motivations function among college student samples in both Taiwan and the U.S. Educational Psychology, 39(4), 430-447. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2018.1510116
  12. Cheng, Y. H., & Weng, C. W. (2017). Factors influence the digital media teaching of primary school teachers in a flipped class: A Taiwan case study. South African Journal of Education, 37(1), 1-12. https://doi.org/10.15700/saje.v37n1a1293
  13. Claver, F., Martínez-Aranda, L. M., Conejero, M., & Gil-Arias, A. (2020). Motivation, discipline, and academic performance in physical education: A holistic approach from achievement goal and self-determination theories. Frontiers in Psychology, 11, 1-11. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2020.01808
  14. Collins, C. J., Hanges, P. J., & Locke, E. A. (2004). The relationship of achievement motivation to entrepreneurial behavior: A meta-analysis. Human Performance, 17(1), 95-117. https://doi.org/10.1207/S15327043HUP1701_5
  15. Diseth, Å., Mathisen, F. K. S., & Samdal, O. (2020). A comparison of intrinsic and extrinsic motivation among lower and upper secondary school students. Educational Psychology, 40(8), 961-980. https://doi.org/10.1080/01443410.2020.1778640
  16. Enughwure, A. A., & Ogbise, M. E. (2020). Application of machine learning methods to predict student performance: A systematic literature review. International Research Journal of Engineering and Technology, 7(5), 3405-3415.
  17. Fisher, M., King, J., & Tague, G. (2001). Development of a self-directed learning readiness scale for nursing education. Nurse Education Today, 21(7), 516-525. https://doi.org/10.1054/nedt.2001.0589
  18. Greene, B. A., Miller, R. B., Crowson, H. M., Duke, B. L., & Akey, K. L. (2004). Predicting high school students’ cognitive engagement and achievement: Contributions of classroom perceptions and motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 29(4), 462-482. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2004.01.006
  19. Gross, D., Pietri, E. S., Anderson, G., Moyano-Camihort, K., & Graham, M. J. (2015). Increased preclass preparation underlies student outcome improvement in the flipped classroom. CBE Life Sciences Education, 14(4), 1-8. https://doi.org/10.1187/cbe.15-02-0040
  20. Havwini, T., & Wu, Y.-T. (2019). The implementation of flipped classroom in EFL class: A Taiwan case study. Journal of Digital Education, Communication, and Arts, 2(02), 79-88. https://doi.org/10.30871/deca.v2i02.1536
  21. Hopkins, C., Ferrell, O. C., Ferrell, L., Hopkins, K., & Merkle, A. C. (2020). Self-efficacy, locus of control and engagement as determinants of grades in a principles of marketing class. Marketing Education Review, 30(4), 236-251. https://doi.org/10.1080/10528008.2020.1837634
  22. Hu, L. T., & Bentler, P. M. (1999). Cutoff criteria for fit indexes in covariance structure analysis: Conventional criteria versus new alternatives. Structural Equation Modeling, 6(1), 1-55. https://doi.org/10.1080/10705519909540118
  23. Huang, S., & Fang, N. (2013). Predicting student academic performance in an engineering dynamics course: A comparison of four types of predictive mathematical models. Computers and Education, 61(1), 133-145. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2012.08.015
  24. Hwang, G. J., & Chen, P. Y. (2019). Effects of a collective problem-solving promotion-based flipped classroom on students’ learning performances and interactive patterns. Interactive Learning Environments, 31(5), 2513-2528. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2019.1568263
  25. Jansen, R. S., van Leeuwen, A., Janssen, J., Jak, S., & Kester, L. (2019). Self-regulated learning partially mediates the effect of self-regulated learning interventions on achievement in higher education: A meta-analysis. Educational Research Review, 28, 100292. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.edurev.2019.100292
  26. Kovacic, Z. J. (2012). Predicting student success by mining enrolment data. Research in Higher Education Journal, 15, 1.
  27. Lai, C. L., & Hwang, G. J. (2016). A self-regulated flipped classroom approach to improving students’ learning performance in a mathematics course. Computers and Education, 100, 126-140. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.compedu.2016.05.006
  28. Leatherman, J. L., & Cleveland, L. M. (2020). Student exam performance in flipped classroom sections is similar to that in active learning sections, and satisfaction with the flipped classroom hinges on attitudes toward learning from videos. Journal of Biological Education, 54(3), 328-344. https://doi.org/10.1080/00219266.2019.1575266
  29. Lee, J., Park, T., & Davis, R. O. (2022). What affects learner engagement in flipped learning and what predicts its outcomes? British Journal of Educational Technology, 53(2), 211-228. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12717
  30. Lee, Y. H. (2018). Scripting to enhance university students’ critical thinking in flipped learning: Implications of the delayed effect on science reading literacy. Interactive Learning Environments, 26(5), 569-582. https://doi.org/10.1080/10494820.2017.1372483
  31. Long, T., Cummins, J., & Waugh, M. (2017). Use of the flipped classroom instructional model in higher education: Instructors’ perspectives. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 29(2), 179-200. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-016-9119-8
  32. Lopes, A. P., & Soares, F. (2018). Perception and performance in a flipped financial mathematics classroom. International Journal of Management Education, 16(1), 105-113. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2018.01.001
  33. Martínez-Jiménez, R., & Ruiz-Jiménez, M. C. (2020). Improving students’ satisfaction and learning performance using flipped classroom. International Journal of Management Education, 18(3), 100422. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.ijme.2020.100422
  34. Mohan, D. (2018). Flipped classroom, flipped teaching and flipped learning in the foreign/second language post-secondary classroom. Nouvelle Revue Synergies Canada [New Synergies Canada Magazine], 11. https://doi.org/10.21083/nrsc.v0i11.4016
  35. O’Flaherty, J., & Phillips, C. (2015). The use of flipped classrooms in higher education: A scoping review. Internet and Higher Education, 25, 85-95. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2015.02.002
  36. Obschonka, M., Moeller, J., & Goethner, M. (2019). Entrepreneurial passion and personality: The case of academic entrepreneurship. Frontiers in Psychology, 9, 1-15. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2018.02697
  37. Pintrich, P. R., Smith, D. A. F., Garcia, T., & McKeachie, W. J. (1991). A manual for the use of the learning questionnaire motivated strategies for (MSLQ). https://eric.ed.gov/?id=ED338122
  38. Price, C., & Walker, M. (2021). Improving the accessibility of foundation statistics for undergraduate business and management students using a flipped classroom. Studies in Higher Education, 46(2), 245-257. https://doi.org/10.1080/03075079.2019.1628204
  39. Rasheed, R. A., Kamsin, A., Abdullah, N. A., Kakudi, H. A., Ali, A. S., Musa, A. S., & Yahaya, A. S. (2020). Self-regulated learning in flipped classrooms: A systematic literature review. International Journal of Information and Education Technology, 10(11), 848-853. https://doi.org/10.18178/ijiet.2020.10.11.1469
  40. Rastrollo-Guerrero, J. L., Gómez-Pulido, J. A., & Durán-Domínguez, A. (2020). Analyzing and predicting students’ performance by means of machine learning: A review. Applied Sciences (Switzerland), 10(3), 1042. https://doi.org/10.3390/app10031042
  41. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2000). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivations: Classic definitions and new directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 54-67. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1020
  42. Ryan, R. M., & Deci, E. L. (2020). Intrinsic and extrinsic motivation from a self-determination theory perspective: Definitions, theory, practices, and future directions. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 61, 101860. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2020.101860
  43. Sadiq, N., & Ali, S. (2020). Enhancement of students learning outcome by supplementing Self-directed learning with video clipping. The Professional Medical Journal, 27(07), 1358-1362. https://doi.org/10.29309/tpmj/2020.27.07.3661
  44. Santos, A. I., & Serpa, S. (2020). Flipped classroom for an active learning. Journal of Education and E-Learning Research, 7(2), 167-179. https://doi.org/10.20448/journal.509.2020.72.167.173
  45. Schiller, N. A., & Herreid, C. F. (2013). Case studies and the flipped learning. Journal of College Science Teaching, 42(5), 62-66.
  46. Serin, H. (2018). The use of extrinsic and intrinsic motivations to enhance student achievement in educational settings. International Journal of Social Sciences & Educational Studies, 5(1), 191-194. https://doi.org/10.23918/ijsses.v5i1p191
  47. Shin, M., & Bolkan, S. (2021). Intellectually stimulating students’ intrinsic motivation: The mediating influence of student engagement, self-efficacy, and student academic support. Communication Education, 70(2), 146-164. https://doi.org/10.1080/03634523.2020.1828959
  48. Sohrabi, B., & Iraj, H. (2016). Implementing flipped classroom using digital media: A comparison of two demographically different groups perceptions. Computers in Human Behavior, 60, 514-524. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.02.056
  49. Steen-Utheim, A. T., & Foldnes, N. (2018). A qualitative investigation of student engagement in a flipped classroom. Teaching in Higher Education, 23(3), 307-324. https://doi.org/10.1080/13562517.2017.1379481
  50. Steinmayr, R., Weidinger, A. F., Schwinger, M., & Spinath, B. (2019). The importance of students’ motivation for their academic achievement-replicating and extending previous findings. Frontiers in Psychology, 10. https://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2019.01730
  51. Sun, J. C.-Y., Wu, Y.-T., & Lee, W.-I. (2017). The effect of the flipped classroom approach to OpenCourseWare instruction on students’ self-regulation. British Journal of Educational Technology, 48(3), 713-729. https://doi.org/10.1111/bjet.12444
  52. Sun, Z., Xie, K., & Anderman, L. H. (2018). The role of self-regulated learning in students’ success in flipped undergraduate math courses. Internet and Higher Education, 36, 41-53. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.iheduc.2017.09.003
  53. Talsma, K., Schüz, B., Schwarzer, R., & Norris, K. (2018). I believe, therefore I achieve (and vice versa): A meta-analytic cross-lagged panel analysis of self-efficacy and academic performance. Learning and Individual Differences, 61, 136-150. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.lindif.2017.11.015
  54. Taylor, G., Jungert, T., Mageau, G. A., Schattke, K., Dedic, H., Rosenfield, S., & Koestner, R. (2014). A self-determination theory approach to predicting school achievement over time: The unique role of intrinsic motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 39(4), 342-358. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.cedpsych.2014.08.002
  55. Wigfield, A., & Eccles, J. S. (2000). Expectancy-value theory of achievement motivation. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25(1), 68-81. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1015
  56. Yilmaz, R. (2017). Exploring the role of e-learning readiness on student satisfaction and motivation in flipped classroom. Computers in Human Behavior, 70, 251-260. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.chb.2016.12.085
  57. Yoon, M., Hill, J., & Kim, D. (2021). Designing supports for promoting self-regulated learning in the flipped classroom. Journal of Computing in Higher Education, 33(2), 398-418. https://doi.org/10.1007/s12528-021-09269-z
  58. Zengin, Y. (2017). Investigating the use of the Khan Academy and mathematics software with a flipped classroom approach in mathematics teaching. Educational Technology and Society, 20(2), 89-100.
  59. Zheng, X., Johnson, T. E., & Zhou, C. (2020). A pilot study examining the impact of collaborative mind mapping strategy in a flipped classroom: Learning achievement, self-efficacy, motivation, and students’ acceptance. Educational Technology Research and Development, 68(6), 3527-3545. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11423-020-09868-0
  60. Zimmerman, B. J. (2000). Self-Efficacy: An essential motive to learn. Contemporary Educational Psychology, 25, 82-91. https://doi.org/10.1006/ceps.1999.1016
  61. Zimmerman, B. J. (2008). Investigating self-regulation and motivation: Historical background, methodological developments, and future prospects. American Educational Research Journal, 45(1), 166-183. https://doi.org/10.3102/0002831207312909